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// Uses L1 (in-memory) + L2 (KV) dual-layer storage for cross-isolate consistency
import type { MiddlewareHandler } from "hono";
type RateLimitConfig = {
windowMs: number; // Time window in milliseconds
max: number; // Max requests per window per IP in production
devMax?: number; // Higher limit for local/dev to accommodate parallel E2E tests
message?: string;
// When set, key on `${ip}:${keyPrefix}` instead of `${ip}:${c.req.path}`.
// Use for aggregate scrape protection across a route group with path params
// (e.g. marketplace) where per-path bucketing would let attackers iterate IDs.
keyPrefix?: string;
};
type RateLimitRecord = {
count: number;
resetTime: number; // Unix timestamp in ms
};
// L1: In-memory store (per worker isolate, fast path)
const l1Store = new Map<string, RateLimitRecord>();
// Max L1 entries before pruning oldest
const MAX_L1_SIZE = 5000;
/** Clear all rate limit state (for tests) */
export function resetRateLimitStore() {
l1Store.clear();
}
/** Populate L1 store with entries for testing (for tests only) */
export function _populateL1StoreForTest(
entries: Array<{ key: string; count: number; resetTime: number }>,
) {
for (const e of entries) {
l1Store.set(e.key, { count: e.count, resetTime: e.resetTime });
}
}
// Evict expired L1 entries when the map exceeds MAX_L1_SIZE
function pruneL1() {
if (l1Store.size < MAX_L1_SIZE) return;
const now = Date.now();
for (const [key, record] of l1Store.entries()) {
if (now > record.resetTime) {
l1Store.delete(key);
}
}
// If still too large after expiry cleanup, drop oldest entries
if (l1Store.size >= MAX_L1_SIZE) {
const excess = l1Store.size - MAX_L1_SIZE + 100; // drop 100 extra for headroom
let dropped = 0;
for (const key of l1Store.keys()) {
if (dropped >= excess) break;
l1Store.delete(key);
dropped++;
}
}
}
/**
* Rate limiting middleware using L1 (in-memory) + L2 (Cloudflare KV).
*
* L1 provides instant (<1ms) blocking within a single isolate.
* L2 provides cross-isolate consistency via KV (~10ms reads).
*
* On each request:
* 1. Check L1 for a valid record — if found and over limit, block immediately.
* 2. If L1 misses or is stale, check L2 (KV) for a shared record.
* 3. Increment count in L1. KV is written ONLY when a new window is created,
* not on every increment — see the else-branch comment for the cost rationale.
*
* Race condition note: KV doesn't support atomic increments, so under high
* concurrency a few extra requests may slip through. Combined with L1-only
* increments (KV seeded once per window), cross-isolate counts under-count
* slightly. This is acceptable for our rate limits (10-100 req/min).
*/
export function rateLimit(config: RateLimitConfig): MiddlewareHandler {
const {
windowMs,
max,
devMax,
message = "Too many requests, please try again later",
keyPrefix,
} = config;
// KV TTL must be at least 60s per Cloudflare's minimum
const kvTtlSeconds = Math.max(60, Math.ceil(windowMs / 1000));
return async (c, next) => {
// Prune L1 occasionally (1% chance per request)
if (Math.random() < 0.01) {
pruneL1();
}
// Use higher limit in local/dev to accommodate parallel E2E test workers
const env = c.env as CloudflareBindings & { ENVIRONMENT?: string };
const isLocalDev =
!env.ENVIRONMENT ||
env.ENVIRONMENT === "local" ||
env.ENVIRONMENT === "dev";
const effectiveMax = isLocalDev && devMax !== undefined ? devMax : max;
// Get client IP from Cloudflare headers
const ip =
c.req.header("cf-connecting-ip") ||
c.req.header("x-forwarded-for")?.split(",")[0]?.trim() ||
"unknown";
const key = `${ip}:${keyPrefix ?? c.req.path}`;
const kvKey = `rl:${key}`;
const now = Date.now();
// Resolve KV binding (optional — degrades to L1-only without it)
const kv = (c.env as CloudflareBindings).KV_CACHE;
// --- Read current record ---
let record = l1Store.get(key) ?? null;
// If L1 record is expired, discard it
if (record && now > record.resetTime) {
l1Store.delete(key);
record = null;
}
// If no L1 record, try L2
if (!record && kv) {
try {
const kvRecord = await kv.get<RateLimitRecord>(kvKey, "json");
if (kvRecord && now <= kvRecord.resetTime) {
record = kvRecord;
// Backfill L1
l1Store.set(key, { ...record });
}
} catch {
// KV read failure is non-fatal — fall through to create new record
}
}
// --- Evaluate ---
if (!record) {
// First request in this window — create new record
const newRecord: RateLimitRecord = {
count: 1,
resetTime: now + windowMs,
};
l1Store.set(key, newRecord);
// Write to KV in background
if (kv) {
try {
c.executionCtx.waitUntil(
kv.put(kvKey, JSON.stringify(newRecord), {
expirationTtl: kvTtlSeconds,
}),
);
} catch {
// Non-fatal
}
}
} else if (record.count >= effectiveMax) {
// Rate limit exceeded
const retryAfter = Math.ceil((record.resetTime - now) / 1000);
return c.json(
{
success: false,
error: {
code: "RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED",
message,
},
},
429,
{
"Retry-After": String(retryAfter),
"X-RateLimit-Limit": String(effectiveMax),
"X-RateLimit-Remaining": "0",
"X-RateLimit-Reset": String(
Math.ceil(record.resetTime / 1000),
),
},
);
} else {
// Increment count in L1 only.
//
// Deliberately NO KV write here. KV bills per write ($5/M, 10x reads)
// and only durably persists 1 write/sec per key — writing on every
// request inside a window is pure cost with no benefit. We seed the
// cross-isolate window once on creation (above); subsequent increments
// stay L1-local. Cross-isolate counts under-count slightly within a
// window, which is acceptable for 10-100 req/min abuse limits (see the
// approximate-counting note in the function doc).
record.count++;
l1Store.set(key, record);
}
// Add rate limit headers to response
const currentRecord = l1Store.get(key);
/* v8 ignore start -- V8 artifact: key was just set above, always exists */
if (currentRecord) {
/* v8 ignore stop */
c.header("X-RateLimit-Limit", String(effectiveMax));
c.header(
"X-RateLimit-Remaining",
String(Math.max(0, effectiveMax - currentRecord.count)),
);
c.header(
"X-RateLimit-Reset",
String(Math.ceil(currentRecord.resetTime / 1000)),
);
}
await next();
};
}
/**
* Rate limiter backed by Cloudflare's native Rate Limiting binding.
*
* Counters live at the edge (per-colo) — zero KV, zero DB, zero per-op billing.
* Limit + period are fixed in wrangler.jsonc (`ratelimits`), not here.
*
* No binding present (local dev / unit tests) → skip limiting. The native limiter
* is deployed-only; locally there's nothing to abuse and E2E workers would
* otherwise trip a shared-IP bucket.
*
* ponytail: per-colo counts, not global. Fine for abuse limits; if a single
* attacker spread across colos ever matters, move to a Durable Object counter.
*/
function cfRateLimit(
pick: (env: CloudflareBindings) => RateLimit | undefined,
opts: { keyPrefix?: string; message?: string } = {},
): MiddlewareHandler {
const message = opts.message ?? "Too many requests, please try again later";
return async (c, next) => {
const limiter = pick(c.env as CloudflareBindings);
if (!limiter) return next();
// Skip in local dev: Wrangler simulates the native Rate Limiting binding,
// but all local requests share IP key "unknown", so parallel E2E workers
// throttle each other. Deployed dev/preview/prod use real per-IP edge buckets.
const cfEnv = c.env as CloudflareBindings & { ENVIRONMENT?: string };
Iif (!cfEnv.ENVIRONMENT || cfEnv.ENVIRONMENT === "local") return next();
const ip =
c.req.header("cf-connecting-ip") ||
c.req.header("x-forwarded-for")?.split(",")[0]?.trim() ||
"unknown";
const key = `${ip}:${opts.keyPrefix ?? c.req.path}`;
const { success } = await limiter.limit({ key });
if (!success) {
return c.json(
{ success: false, error: { code: "RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED", message } },
429,
);
}
await next();
};
}
/**
* Strict rate limiter for auth endpoints. 10/min per IP (RL_AUTH binding).
*/
export const authRateLimit = cfRateLimit((e) => e.RL_AUTH, {
message: "Too many authentication attempts, please try again in a minute",
});
/**
* General API rate limiter
* 100 requests per minute per IP
*/
export const apiRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 1000, // 1 minute
max: 100,
devMax: 1000, // parallel E2E workers share "unknown" IP in local/dev
message: "Too many requests, please slow down",
});
/**
* Marketplace API rate limiter (RL_MARKETPLACE binding) — aggregates across the
* whole /api/marketplace route group via a fixed keyPrefix so per-path-param URLs
* (e.g. /pros/:id, /projects/:id, /blogs/:slug) share one bucket per IP. Prevents
* scraping by iterating IDs through endpoints that miss the edge cache.
* 100 req/min per IP (configured in wrangler.jsonc).
*
* NOTE: NOT currently mounted (removed from routes/marketplace/index.ts).
* Keying on cf-connecting-ip throttled first-party SSR (the API is fetched
* worker-to-worker, so the visitor IP is erased) rather than real abusers.
* Kept here for easy re-enable; see the explanation in marketplace/index.ts.
*/
export const marketplaceRateLimit = cfRateLimit((e) => e.RL_MARKETPLACE, {
keyPrefix: "marketplace",
message: "Too many requests, please slow down",
});
/**
* AI draft generation rate limiter
* 10 requests per hour per user (resource-intensive operation)
*/
export const aiDraftRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 60 * 1000, // 1 hour
max: 10,
message:
"Too many AI draft generation requests. Please try again in an hour.",
});
/**
* AI rewrite rate limiter
* 20 requests per hour per user (moderately intensive operation)
*/
export const aiRewriteRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 60 * 1000, // 1 hour
max: 20,
message: "Too many AI rewrite requests. Please try again in an hour.",
});
/**
* AI metadata generation rate limiter
* 30 requests per hour per user (lightweight operation)
*/
export const aiMetaRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 60 * 1000, // 1 hour
max: 30,
message: "Too many AI metadata requests. Please try again in an hour.",
});
/**
* AI topic suggestion rate limiter
* 15 requests per hour per user
*/
export const aiTopicRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 60 * 1000, // 1 hour
max: 15,
message:
"Too many AI topic suggestion requests. Please try again in an hour.",
});
/**
* Resource creation rate limiter (RL_RESOURCE binding).
* 30 creates per minute per IP (projects, leads, etc.) — keyed per IP:path.
*/
export const resourceCreationRateLimit = cfRateLimit((e) => e.RL_RESOURCE, {
message: "Too many creation requests, please slow down",
});
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