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// Uses L1 (in-memory) + L2 (KV) dual-layer storage for cross-isolate consistency
import type { MiddlewareHandler } from "hono";
type RateLimitConfig = {
windowMs: number; // Time window in milliseconds
max: number; // Max requests per window per IP in production
devMax?: number; // Higher limit for local/dev to accommodate parallel E2E tests
message?: string;
};
type RateLimitRecord = {
count: number;
resetTime: number; // Unix timestamp in ms
};
// L1: In-memory store (per worker isolate, fast path)
const l1Store = new Map<string, RateLimitRecord>();
// Max L1 entries before pruning oldest
const MAX_L1_SIZE = 5000;
/** Clear all rate limit state (for tests) */
export function resetRateLimitStore() {
l1Store.clear();
}
/** Populate L1 store with entries for testing (for tests only) */
export function _populateL1StoreForTest(
entries: Array<{ key: string; count: number; resetTime: number }>,
) {
for (const e of entries) {
l1Store.set(e.key, { count: e.count, resetTime: e.resetTime });
}
}
// Evict expired L1 entries when the map exceeds MAX_L1_SIZE
function pruneL1() {
if (l1Store.size < MAX_L1_SIZE) return;
const now = Date.now();
for (const [key, record] of l1Store.entries()) {
if (now > record.resetTime) {
l1Store.delete(key);
}
}
// If still too large after expiry cleanup, drop oldest entries
if (l1Store.size >= MAX_L1_SIZE) {
const excess = l1Store.size - MAX_L1_SIZE + 100; // drop 100 extra for headroom
let dropped = 0;
for (const key of l1Store.keys()) {
if (dropped >= excess) break;
l1Store.delete(key);
dropped++;
}
}
}
/**
* Rate limiting middleware using L1 (in-memory) + L2 (Cloudflare KV).
*
* L1 provides instant (<1ms) blocking within a single isolate.
* L2 provides cross-isolate consistency via KV (~10ms reads).
*
* On each request:
* 1. Check L1 for a valid record — if found and over limit, block immediately.
* 2. If L1 misses or is stale, check L2 (KV) for a shared record.
* 3. Increment count in both L1 and L2.
*
* Race condition note: KV doesn't support atomic increments, so under high
* concurrency a few extra requests may slip through. This is acceptable for
* our rate limits (10-100 req/min).
*/
export function rateLimit(config: RateLimitConfig): MiddlewareHandler {
const {
windowMs,
max,
devMax,
message = "Too many requests, please try again later",
} = config;
// KV TTL must be at least 60s per Cloudflare's minimum
const kvTtlSeconds = Math.max(60, Math.ceil(windowMs / 1000));
return async (c, next) => {
// Prune L1 occasionally (1% chance per request)
if (Math.random() < 0.01) {
pruneL1();
}
// Use higher limit in local/dev to accommodate parallel E2E test workers
const env = c.env as CloudflareBindings & { ENVIRONMENT?: string };
const isLocalDev =
!env.ENVIRONMENT ||
env.ENVIRONMENT === "local" ||
env.ENVIRONMENT === "dev";
const effectiveMax = isLocalDev && devMax !== undefined ? devMax : max;
// Get client IP from Cloudflare headers
const ip =
c.req.header("cf-connecting-ip") ||
c.req.header("x-forwarded-for")?.split(",")[0]?.trim() ||
"unknown";
const key = `${ip}:${c.req.path}`;
const kvKey = `rl:${key}`;
const now = Date.now();
// Resolve KV binding (optional — degrades to L1-only without it)
const kv = (c.env as CloudflareBindings).KV_CACHE;
// --- Read current record ---
let record = l1Store.get(key) ?? null;
// If L1 record is expired, discard it
if (record && now > record.resetTime) {
l1Store.delete(key);
record = null;
}
// If no L1 record, try L2
if (!record && kv) {
try {
const kvRecord = await kv.get<RateLimitRecord>(kvKey, "json");
if (kvRecord && now <= kvRecord.resetTime) {
record = kvRecord;
// Backfill L1
l1Store.set(key, { ...record });
}
} catch {
// KV read failure is non-fatal — fall through to create new record
}
}
// --- Evaluate ---
if (!record) {
// First request in this window — create new record
const newRecord: RateLimitRecord = {
count: 1,
resetTime: now + windowMs,
};
l1Store.set(key, newRecord);
// Write to KV in background
if (kv) {
try {
c.executionCtx.waitUntil(
kv.put(kvKey, JSON.stringify(newRecord), {
expirationTtl: kvTtlSeconds,
}),
);
} catch {
// Non-fatal
}
}
} else if (record.count >= effectiveMax) {
// Rate limit exceeded
const retryAfter = Math.ceil((record.resetTime - now) / 1000);
return c.json(
{
success: false,
error: {
code: "RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED",
message,
},
},
429,
{
"Retry-After": String(retryAfter),
"X-RateLimit-Limit": String(effectiveMax),
"X-RateLimit-Remaining": "0",
"X-RateLimit-Reset": String(
Math.ceil(record.resetTime / 1000),
),
},
);
} else {
// Increment count
record.count++;
l1Store.set(key, record);
// Update KV in background
if (kv) {
try {
c.executionCtx.waitUntil(
kv.put(kvKey, JSON.stringify(record), {
expirationTtl: kvTtlSeconds,
}),
);
} catch {
// Non-fatal
}
}
}
// Add rate limit headers to response
const currentRecord = l1Store.get(key);
/* v8 ignore start -- V8 artifact: key was just set above, always exists */
if (currentRecord) {
/* v8 ignore stop */
c.header("X-RateLimit-Limit", String(effectiveMax));
c.header(
"X-RateLimit-Remaining",
String(Math.max(0, effectiveMax - currentRecord.count)),
);
c.header(
"X-RateLimit-Reset",
String(Math.ceil(currentRecord.resetTime / 1000)),
);
}
await next();
};
}
/**
* Strict rate limiter for auth endpoints.
* Production: 10/min per IP. Local/dev: 200/min to support parallel E2E test workers.
*/
export const authRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 1000, // 1 minute
max: 10,
devMax: 200, // parallel E2E workers share "unknown" IP in local dev
message: "Too many authentication attempts, please try again in a minute",
});
/**
* General API rate limiter
* 100 requests per minute per IP
*/
export const apiRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 1000, // 1 minute
max: 100,
message: "Too many requests, please slow down",
});
/**
* AI draft generation rate limiter
* 10 requests per hour per user (resource-intensive operation)
*/
export const aiDraftRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 60 * 1000, // 1 hour
max: 10,
message:
"Too many AI draft generation requests. Please try again in an hour.",
});
/**
* AI rewrite rate limiter
* 20 requests per hour per user (moderately intensive operation)
*/
export const aiRewriteRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 60 * 1000, // 1 hour
max: 20,
message: "Too many AI rewrite requests. Please try again in an hour.",
});
/**
* AI metadata generation rate limiter
* 30 requests per hour per user (lightweight operation)
*/
export const aiMetaRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 60 * 1000, // 1 hour
max: 30,
message: "Too many AI metadata requests. Please try again in an hour.",
});
/**
* AI topic suggestion rate limiter
* 15 requests per hour per user
*/
export const aiTopicRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 60 * 1000, // 1 hour
max: 15,
message:
"Too many AI topic suggestion requests. Please try again in an hour.",
});
/**
* Resource creation rate limiter
* 30 creates per minute per IP (projects, leads, etc.)
*/
export const resourceCreationRateLimit = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 1000, // 1 minute
max: 30,
message: "Too many creation requests, please slow down",
});
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